Merge branch 'feat/asset-item-model-id'

Retrofit AssetItem.model (string) -> modelId (FK to AssetModel) —
closes out Lane B (AssetCategory -> AssetCategoryAttributeDef +
AssetModel -> dynamic specs validation -> AssetItem.modelId).
Verified green by test-runner (225/225 tests, tsc/lint/build clean)
before merge.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <[email protected]>

prisma/migrations/20260803004634_add_asset_model/migration.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+-- CreateTable
+CREATE TABLE "asset_models" (
+    "id" UUID NOT NULL,
+    "category_id" UUID NOT NULL,
+    "manufacturer" TEXT NOT NULL,
+    "name" TEXT NOT NULL,
+    "specs" JSONB NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
+    "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+
+    CONSTRAINT "asset_models_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
+);
+
+-- AddForeignKey
+ALTER TABLE "asset_models" ADD CONSTRAINT "asset_models_category_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY ("category_id") REFERENCES "asset_categories"("id") ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE;

prisma/migrations/20260803010401_retrofit_asset_item_model_id/migration.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/*
+  Warnings:
+
+  - You are about to drop the column `model` on the `asset_items` table. All the data in the column will be lost.
+  - Added the required column `model_id` to the `asset_items` table without a default value. This is not possible if the table is not empty.
+
+*/
+-- AlterTable
+ALTER TABLE "asset_items" DROP COLUMN "model",
+ADD COLUMN     "model_id" UUID NOT NULL;
+
+-- AddForeignKey
+ALTER TABLE "asset_items" ADD CONSTRAINT "asset_items_model_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY ("model_id") REFERENCES "asset_models"("id") ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE;

prisma/schema.prisma

@@ -97,10 +97,20 @@ enum AssetItemStatus {
 // a formal PO (e.g. historical stock predating the system). Set at
 // intake/creation time only — no update endpoint for this field yet, same
 // precedent as License.vendorId being set-at-creation with no PATCH.
+// `modelId` was a free-text `model` String until the "Cập nhật 2026-08-02
+// (2)" retrofit (docs/asset-license-management.md's "Ràng buộc dữ liệu"
+// bullet) — same precedent as Request.employeeId/License.vendorId (string
+// -> FK once the referenced entity existed). No production `AssetItem` data
+// existed at the time of this change, so this was a plain column-type
+// migration, not a backfill. Required (not nullable) — every AssetItem must
+// belong to a real AssetModel. AssetItem deliberately does NOT carry its own
+// `categoryId` — category is derived via `modelId -> AssetModel.categoryId`
+// to avoid two sources of truth that could drift apart.
 model AssetItem {
   id              String          @id @default(uuid()) @db.Uuid
   serialNumber    String          @unique @map("serial_number")
-  model           String
+  modelId         String          @map("model_id") @db.Uuid
+  model           AssetModel      @relation(fields: [modelId], references: [id])
   purchaseDate    DateTime        @map("purchase_date") @db.Date
   warrantyEndDate DateTime?       @map("warranty_end_date") @db.Date
   status          AssetItemStatus @default(in_stock)
@@ -242,6 +252,13 @@ model AssetCategory {
   valueGroup    AssetCategoryValueGroup      @map("value_group")
   createdAt     DateTime                     @default(now()) @map("created_at") @db.Timestamptz(6)
   attributeDefs AssetCategoryAttributeDef[]
+  // Back-relation for AssetModel.categoryId — see "Cập nhật 2026-08-02 (2)"
+  // in docs/asset-license-management.md. Only categories with
+  // valueGroup=high_value are ever actually referenced by an AssetModel (a
+  // business rule enforced in src/lib/asset-models.ts's createAssetModel(),
+  // not expressible as a Prisma-level constraint), but the relation itself
+  // is not restricted to high_value categories at the schema level.
+  assetModels   AssetModel[]
 
   @@map("asset_categories")
 }
@@ -293,6 +310,40 @@ model AssetCategoryAttributeDef {
   @@map("asset_category_attribute_defs")
 }
 
+// Sits between AssetCategory and AssetItem — see docs/
+// asset-license-management.md's "Cập nhật 2026-08-02 (2)" section and the
+// `AssetModel` row in the "Data model (sơ bộ)" table. 1 AssetModel has many
+// AssetItem serials (AssetItem.modelId FK, not built in this task).
+// `manufacturer`/`name` are deliberately two separate String fields (not
+// merged into one), per the doc, to allow filtering/reporting by
+// manufacturer alone (e.g. "Dell") without string-parsing a combined field.
+// `categoryId` is a required FK to AssetCategory — the DB layer doesn't
+// enforce that the referenced category is `high_value` (Prisma/Postgres FK
+// constraints can't express that), that business rule is checked in
+// src/lib/asset-models.ts's createAssetModel() via an explicit lookup
+// before the create, per the doc's "Ràng buộc dữ liệu" section. `specs` is
+// JSONB, defaulting to an empty object — the real per-category dynamic
+// attribute *values* (whose *shape* is defined by
+// AssetCategoryAttributeDef rows for this model's category). This task
+// deliberately does NOT validate specs against the category's attribute
+// defs (loose z.record(z.unknown()) validation only, see
+// src/lib/asset-models.ts) — that dynamic cross-validation is a separate
+// follow-up task per the doc's "Cập nhật 2026-08-02 (3)" section.
+model AssetModel {
+  id           String        @id @default(uuid()) @db.Uuid
+  categoryId   String        @map("category_id") @db.Uuid
+  category     AssetCategory @relation(fields: [categoryId], references: [id])
+  manufacturer String
+  name         String
+  specs        Json          @default("{}")
+  createdAt    DateTime      @default(now()) @map("created_at") @db.Timestamptz(6)
+  // Back-relation for the AssetItem.model -> AssetItem.modelId retrofit —
+  // see "Cập nhật 2026-08-02 (2)" in docs/asset-license-management.md.
+  assetItems   AssetItem[]
+
+  @@map("asset_models")
+}
+
 // Minimal internal auth accounts — NOT company SSO (deliberately ruled out,
 // see CLAUDE.md / auth decision notes). A handful of trusted IT staff
 // accounts, created by hand via scripts/create-user.ts, no self-registration.

src/app/api/asset-models/route.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { NextResponse } from "next/server";
+import { auth } from "@/auth";
+import {
+  createAssetModel,
+  listAssetModels,
+  validateCreateAssetModelInput,
+} from "@/lib/asset-models";
+
+// Mirrors src/app/api/asset-category-attribute-defs/route.ts's pattern —
+// middleware.ts excludes /api from route protection, so this checks the
+// session itself. Flat permission model (CLAUDE.md): only "logged in or
+// not", no role check.
+export async function POST(request: Request): Promise<NextResponse> {
+  const session = await auth();
+  if (!session) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: "Unauthorized" }, { status: 401 });
+  }
+
+  let body: unknown;
+  try {
+    body = await request.json();
+  } catch {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: "Request body must be valid JSON" }, { status: 400 });
+  }
+
+  if (typeof body !== "object" || body === null) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: "Request body must be a JSON object" }, { status: 400 });
+  }
+
+  const { categoryId, manufacturer, name, specs } = body as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const validation = validateCreateAssetModelInput({ categoryId, manufacturer, name, specs });
+
+  if (!validation.ok) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: validation.error }, { status: 400 });
+  }
+
+  const created = await createAssetModel(validation.value);
+  if (!created.ok) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: created.error }, { status: 400 });
+  }
+  return NextResponse.json(created.value, { status: 201 });
+}
+
+export async function GET(): Promise<NextResponse> {
+  const session = await auth();
+  if (!session) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: "Unauthorized" }, { status: 401 });
+  }
+
+  const assetModels = await listAssetModels();
+  return NextResponse.json(assetModels, { status: 200 });
+}

src/app/api/assets/route.ts

@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ export async function POST(request: Request): Promise<NextResponse> {
     return NextResponse.json({ error: "Request body must be a JSON object" }, { status: 400 });
   }
 
-  const { serialNumber, model, purchaseDate, warrantyEndDate, purchaseOrderId } =
+  const { serialNumber, modelId, purchaseDate, warrantyEndDate, purchaseOrderId } =
     body as Record<string, unknown>;
   const validation = validateCreateAssetItemInput({
     serialNumber,
-    model,
+    modelId,
     purchaseDate,
     warrantyEndDate,
     purchaseOrderId,

src/lib/asset-models.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+import { z } from "zod";
+import { Prisma } from "@prisma/client";
+import type { AssetAttributeDataType } from "./asset-category-attribute-defs";
+import { prisma } from "./prisma";
+
+export interface AssetModelRecord {
+  id: string;
+  category_id: string;
+  manufacturer: string;
+  name: string;
+  specs: Record<string, unknown>;
+  created_at: string;
+}
+
+export interface CreateAssetModelInput {
+  categoryId: string;
+  manufacturer: string;
+  name: string;
+  specs: Record<string, unknown>;
+}
+
+export type ValidationResult =
+  | { ok: true; value: CreateAssetModelInput }
+  | { ok: false; error: string };
+
+// Mirrors src/lib/asset-category-attribute-defs.ts's nonEmptyString helper.
+function nonEmptyString(message: string) {
+  return z.string({ required_error: message, invalid_type_error: message }).refine(
+    (value) => value.trim() !== "",
+    { message }
+  );
+}
+
+const createAssetModelSchema = z.object({
+  // FK to AssetCategory — only a UUID *format* check here, whether it
+  // references a real category (and whether that category is
+  // valueGroup=high_value) is left to createAssetModel()'s explicit lookup
+  // below — that's a business rule, not something pure Zod schema
+  // validation on this input alone can express. Mirrors
+  // src/lib/asset-category-attribute-defs.ts's categoryId handling.
+  categoryId: z
+    .string({ required_error: "categoryId is required and must be a valid UUID string" })
+    .uuid("categoryId is required and must be a valid UUID string"),
+  manufacturer: nonEmptyString("manufacturer is required and must be a non-empty string"),
+  name: nonEmptyString("name is required and must be a non-empty string"),
+  // Deliberately LOOSE at this stage — just "a plain JSON object" (no
+  // arrays, no primitives at the top level). The category-specific dynamic
+  // shape (which keys are allowed, which are required, and their types) is
+  // validated separately in createAssetModel() below, via a runtime Zod
+  // schema built from that category's AssetCategoryAttributeDef rows — it
+  // can't be done here because that requires a DB lookup keyed on
+  // categoryId, which this pure-input-shape schema doesn't have access to.
+  // Defaults to {} when omitted, matching the DB column default.
+  specs: z
+    .record(z.unknown(), {
+      invalid_type_error: "specs must be a JSON object",
+    })
+    .optional()
+    .default({}),
+});
+
+/**
+ * Validates raw (untyped) asset-model-creation input. categoryId must be a
+ * valid UUID string, manufacturer/name must be non-empty strings, specs
+ * must be a plain JSON object (or omitted, defaulting to {}). Whether
+ * categoryId references a real, high_value AssetCategory is checked in
+ * createAssetModel() below, not here — that requires a DB lookup.
+ */
+export function validateCreateAssetModelInput(input: {
+  categoryId?: unknown;
+  manufacturer?: unknown;
+  name?: unknown;
+  specs?: unknown;
+}): ValidationResult {
+  const result = createAssetModelSchema.safeParse(input);
+  if (!result.success) {
+    const message = result.error.issues[0]?.message ?? "Invalid input";
+    return { ok: false, error: message };
+  }
+  return { ok: true, value: result.data };
+}
+
+function toRecord(row: {
+  id: string;
+  categoryId: string;
+  manufacturer: string;
+  name: string;
+  specs: Prisma.JsonValue;
+  createdAt: Date;
+}): AssetModelRecord {
+  return {
+    id: row.id,
+    category_id: row.categoryId,
+    manufacturer: row.manufacturer,
+    name: row.name,
+    specs: (row.specs as Record<string, unknown>) ?? {},
+    created_at: row.createdAt.toISOString(),
+  };
+}
+
+// Maps an AssetCategoryAttributeDef.dataType to the corresponding Zod leaf
+// type, per docs/asset-license-management.md's "Cập nhật 2026-08-02 (3)"
+// section: string -> z.string(), number -> z.number(), boolean ->
+// z.boolean(), date -> z.coerce.date() (coerce so a JSON-transported date
+// *string*, e.g. "2027-01-01", is accepted — JSON has no native Date type).
+function zodTypeForDataType(dataType: AssetAttributeDataType): z.ZodTypeAny {
+  switch (dataType) {
+    case "string":
+      return z.string();
+    case "number":
+      return z.number();
+    case "boolean":
+      return z.boolean();
+    case "date":
+      return z.coerce.date();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds a Zod object schema AT RUNTIME from a category's
+ * AssetCategoryAttributeDef rows: one shape entry per attribute def (typed
+ * per zodTypeForDataType() above), optional when `required` is false via
+ * `.optional()`, and `.strict()` on the overall object so any `specs` key
+ * not defined for this category is rejected (no unknown keys allowed), per
+ * the doc section referenced above.
+ */
+function buildSpecsSchema(
+  attributeDefs: { key: string; dataType: AssetAttributeDataType; required: boolean }[]
+): z.ZodTypeAny {
+  const shape: Record<string, z.ZodTypeAny> = {};
+  for (const def of attributeDefs) {
+    const leaf = zodTypeForDataType(def.dataType);
+    shape[def.key] = def.required ? leaf : leaf.optional();
+  }
+  return z.object(shape).strict();
+}
+
+export type CreateAssetModelResult =
+  | { ok: true; value: AssetModelRecord }
+  | { ok: false; error: string };
+
+/**
+ * Creates an AssetModel. categoryId must reference a real AssetCategory
+ * (checked here via an explicit prisma.assetCategory.findUnique() lookup —
+ * not left to Prisma's P2003 FK-violation catch like other entities'
+ * simple FK checks, e.g. src/lib/asset-category-attribute-defs.ts's
+ * categoryId handling), because there's an additional business rule to
+ * enforce beyond "does this row exist": the referenced category's
+ * valueGroup must be `high_value` (per docs/asset-license-management.md's
+ * "Ràng buộc dữ liệu" section under "Cập nhật 2026-08-02 (2)") — a rule
+ * that can't be expressed as a Postgres FK constraint, so it can't be
+ * caught via a Prisma error code the way a plain missing-FK case can. If
+ * the category doesn't exist at all, or exists but is `low_value`, this
+ * returns a distinct {ok:false,error} for each case rather than a raw
+ * P2003/500.
+ */
+export async function createAssetModel(
+  input: CreateAssetModelInput
+): Promise<CreateAssetModelResult> {
+  const category = await prisma.assetCategory.findUnique({
+    where: { id: input.categoryId },
+  });
+
+  if (!category) {
+    return { ok: false, error: "categoryId does not reference an existing asset category" };
+  }
+
+  if (category.valueGroup !== "high_value") {
+    return { ok: false, error: "categoryId must reference a category with valueGroup=high_value" };
+  }
+
+  // Dynamic specs validation, per docs/asset-license-management.md's
+  // "Cập nhật 2026-08-02 (3)" section: build a Zod schema at runtime from
+  // this category's AssetCategoryAttributeDef rows, and validate the
+  // incoming specs object against it. Deliberately done here (after the
+  // category existence/high_value checks above), not inside
+  // validateCreateAssetModelInput()'s static schema, because it needs a DB
+  // lookup keyed on categoryId.
+  const attributeDefs = await prisma.assetCategoryAttributeDef.findMany({
+    where: { categoryId: input.categoryId },
+  });
+  const specsSchema = buildSpecsSchema(attributeDefs);
+  const specsResult = specsSchema.safeParse(input.specs);
+  if (!specsResult.success) {
+    const message = specsResult.error.issues[0]?.message ?? "Invalid specs";
+    const path = specsResult.error.issues[0]?.path.join(".");
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      error: path ? `specs.${path}: ${message}` : `specs: ${message}`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const created = await prisma.assetModel.create({
+    data: {
+      categoryId: input.categoryId,
+      manufacturer: input.manufacturer,
+      name: input.name,
+      // input.specs is validated by Zod to be a plain JSON object
+      // (Record<string, unknown>), but Prisma's generated InputJsonValue
+      // type doesn't structurally accept an index-signature Record — cast
+      // is safe here since the Zod schema already guarantees JSON-shaped
+      // values.
+      specs: input.specs as Prisma.InputJsonValue,
+    },
+  });
+  return { ok: true, value: toRecord(created) };
+}
+
+export async function listAssetModels(): Promise<AssetModelRecord[]> {
+  const rows = await prisma.assetModel.findMany({
+    orderBy: [{ createdAt: "desc" }, { id: "desc" }],
+  });
+  return rows.map(toRecord);
+}

src/lib/assets.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export type AssetItemStatus = "in_stock" | "assigned" | "repair" | "retired";
 export interface AssetItemRecord {
   id: string;
   serial_number: string;
-  model: string;
+  model_id: string;
   purchase_date: string;
   warranty_end_date: string | null;
   status: AssetItemStatus;
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export interface AssetItemRecord {
 
 export interface CreateAssetItemInput {
   serialNumber: string;
-  model: string;
+  modelId: string;
   purchaseDate: Date;
   warrantyEndDate?: Date;
   purchaseOrderId?: string | null;
@@ -47,7 +47,15 @@ function dateString(message: string) {
 
 const createAssetItemSchema = z.object({
   serialNumber: nonEmptyString("serialNumber is required and must be a non-empty string"),
-  model: nonEmptyString("model is required and must be a non-empty string"),
+  // Required FK to AssetModel — replaced the free-text `model` String (see
+  // schema.prisma / docs/asset-license-management.md's "Cập nhật 2026-08-02
+  // (2)" section). Only a UUID *format* check here, whether it references a
+  // real AssetModel is left to Prisma's own FK constraint at insert time
+  // (see createAssetItem()'s P2003 handling below). Mirrors
+  // src/lib/licenses.ts's vendorId handling.
+  modelId: z
+    .string({ required_error: "modelId is required and must be a valid UUID string" })
+    .uuid("modelId is required and must be a valid UUID string"),
   purchaseDate: dateString("purchaseDate is required and must be a valid date string"),
   warrantyEndDate: dateString("warrantyEndDate must be a valid date string").optional(),
   // FK to PurchaseOrder — nullable/optional, supply-side traceability (not
@@ -64,17 +72,17 @@ const createAssetItemSchema = z.object({
 });
 
 /**
- * Validates raw (untyped) asset-item-creation input. serialNumber/model
- * must be non-empty strings, purchaseDate must be a valid date string,
- * warrantyEndDate is optional but must be a valid date string if present.
- * purchaseOrderId is optional/nullable but must be a valid UUID if present.
- * status is not accepted here — new assets always start "in_stock" (same
- * pattern as Request always starting "Draft"), later states are set via
- * other operations, not at creation.
+ * Validates raw (untyped) asset-item-creation input. serialNumber must be a
+ * non-empty string, modelId must be a valid UUID string, purchaseDate must
+ * be a valid date string, warrantyEndDate is optional but must be a valid
+ * date string if present. purchaseOrderId is optional/nullable but must be
+ * a valid UUID if present. status is not accepted here — new assets always
+ * start "in_stock" (same pattern as Request always starting "Draft"), later
+ * states are set via other operations, not at creation.
  */
 export function validateCreateAssetItemInput(input: {
   serialNumber?: unknown;
-  model?: unknown;
+  modelId?: unknown;
   purchaseDate?: unknown;
   warrantyEndDate?: unknown;
   purchaseOrderId?: unknown;
@@ -90,7 +98,7 @@ export function validateCreateAssetItemInput(input: {
 function toRecord(row: {
   id: string;
   serialNumber: string;
-  model: string;
+  modelId: string;
   purchaseDate: Date;
   warrantyEndDate: Date | null;
   status: AssetItemStatus;
@@ -100,7 +108,7 @@ function toRecord(row: {
   return {
     id: row.id,
     serial_number: row.serialNumber,
-    model: row.model,
+    model_id: row.modelId,
     purchase_date: row.purchaseDate.toISOString(),
     warranty_end_date: row.warrantyEndDate ? row.warrantyEndDate.toISOString() : null,
     status: row.status,
@@ -119,10 +127,14 @@ export type CreateAssetItemResult =
  * caught here and translated into the same `{ok:false,error}` shape as
  * input validation failures, rather than letting a raw Prisma error leak
  * to the API layer. Mirrors createEmployee()/createRequest()'s P2003
- * handling for FK violations. If purchaseOrderId doesn't reference an
- * existing PurchaseOrder, Prisma raises P2003 (FK constraint violation) —
- * caught the same way, mirrors src/lib/purchase-orders.ts's
- * createPurchaseOrder() P2003 handling.
+ * handling for FK violations. Two separate FKs can fail here (modelId ->
+ * AssetModel, purchaseOrderId -> PurchaseOrder) — Prisma raises the same
+ * error code (P2003) for either, so the FK constraint name in
+ * `error.meta.field_name` is used to tell them apart and return a targeted
+ * message, rather than a raw Prisma error leaking to the API layer. Mirrors
+ * src/lib/licenses.ts's createLicense() / src/lib/purchase-orders.ts's
+ * createPurchaseOrder() pattern for disambiguating between two FKs on the
+ * same model.
  */
 export async function createAssetItem(
   input: CreateAssetItemInput
@@ -131,7 +143,7 @@ export async function createAssetItem(
     const created = await prisma.assetItem.create({
       data: {
         serialNumber: input.serialNumber,
-        model: input.model,
+        modelId: input.modelId,
         purchaseDate: input.purchaseDate,
         warrantyEndDate: input.warrantyEndDate ?? null,
         purchaseOrderId: input.purchaseOrderId ?? null,
@@ -143,8 +155,12 @@ export async function createAssetItem(
       return { ok: false, error: "serialNumber already exists" };
     }
     if (error instanceof Prisma.PrismaClientKnownRequestError && error.code === "P2003") {
+      const fieldName = typeof error.meta?.field_name === "string" ? error.meta.field_name : "";
+      if (fieldName.includes("purchase_order")) {
         return { ok: false, error: "purchaseOrderId does not reference an existing purchase order" };
       }
+      return { ok: false, error: "modelId does not reference an existing asset model" };
+    }
     throw error;
   }
 }

tests/asset-models.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { Mock } from "vitest";
+import type { Session } from "next-auth";
+import {
+  createAssetModel,
+  listAssetModels,
+  validateCreateAssetModelInput,
+} from "@/lib/asset-models";
+import { prisma } from "@/lib/prisma";
+
+// Note: this file has two layers of coverage, mirroring
+// tests/asset-category-attribute-defs.test.ts:
+// - lib-level tests below exercise src/lib/asset-models.ts directly
+//   (validation, FK/business-rule error handling, list ordering).
+// - route-level tests (further down) exercise
+//   src/app/api/asset-models/route.ts over HTTP, including the auth() gate,
+//   malformed JSON, and non-object bodies.
+vi.mock("@/auth", () => ({ auth: vi.fn() }));
+
+import { GET, POST } from "@/app/api/asset-models/route";
+import { auth } from "@/auth";
+
+const mockedAuth = auth as unknown as Mock<() => Promise<Session | null>>;
+
+const testSession: Session = {
+  user: { id: "test-user-id" },
+  expires: new Date(Date.now() + 60 * 60 * 1000).toISOString(),
+};
+
+function postRequest(body: unknown): Request {
+  return new Request("http://localhost/api/asset-models", {
+    method: "POST",
+    headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+    body: JSON.stringify(body),
+  });
+}
+
+// AssetModel.categoryId is a real FK to AssetCategory, and the referenced
+// category must be valueGroup=high_value (see docs/
+// asset-license-management.md's "Cập nhật 2026-08-02 (2)" section). Tests
+// that need valid ids create real rows first and use their ids. Mirrors
+// tests/asset-category-attribute-defs.test.ts's createTestAssetCategory()
+// helper.
+function createTestAssetCategory(
+  overrides: { name?: string; valueGroup?: "high_value" | "low_value" } = {}
+) {
+  return prisma.assetCategory.create({
+    data: {
+      name: overrides.name ?? "Laptop",
+      valueGroup: overrides.valueGroup ?? "high_value",
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+// Helper for the dynamic-specs-validation tests below: creates an
+// AssetCategoryAttributeDef row directly via Prisma (no need to go through
+// src/lib/asset-category-attribute-defs.ts's validation for test setup).
+// Mirrors tests/asset-category-attribute-defs.test.ts's
+// createTestAssetCategory() helper pattern.
+function createTestAttributeDef(overrides: {
+  categoryId: string;
+  key: string;
+  label?: string;
+  dataType: "string" | "number" | "boolean" | "date";
+  required: boolean;
+  sortOrder?: number;
+}) {
+  return prisma.assetCategoryAttributeDef.create({
+    data: {
+      categoryId: overrides.categoryId,
+      key: overrides.key,
+      label: overrides.label ?? overrides.key,
+      dataType: overrides.dataType,
+      required: overrides.required,
+      sortOrder: overrides.sortOrder ?? 0,
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+beforeEach(async () => {
+  // Each test starts from empty tables so listing/order assertions are
+  // deterministic. asset_models must be cleared before asset_categories
+  // since it has an FK (ON DELETE RESTRICT) to it. asset_category_attribute_defs
+  // also has an FK (ON DELETE RESTRICT) to asset_categories, so it must be
+  // cleared before asset_categories too — mirrors tests/
+  // asset-category-attribute-defs.test.ts's cleanup order.
+  await prisma.assetModel.deleteMany();
+  await prisma.assetCategoryAttributeDef.deleteMany();
+  await prisma.assetCategory.deleteMany();
+  // Default to a logged-in session — the lib-level tests below don't go
+  // through the route at all (so this is a no-op for them), and the
+  // route-level tests exercise business logic, not auth gating (that's
+  // covered by the "auth gating" describe block further down).
+  mockedAuth.mockResolvedValue(testSession);
+});
+
+describe("validateCreateAssetModelInput", () => {
+  it("accepts valid input with a non-trivial specs object", () => {
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: { ram_gb: 16, cpu: "i7-1165G7" },
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (result.ok) {
+      expect(result.value).toMatchObject({
+        categoryId: "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+        manufacturer: "Dell",
+        name: "Latitude 5420",
+        specs: { ram_gb: 16, cpu: "i7-1165G7" },
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("defaults specs to {} when omitted", () => {
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (result.ok) {
+      expect(result.value.specs).toEqual({});
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a missing categoryId", () => {
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      expect(result.error).toMatch(/categoryId/i);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a categoryId that is not a valid UUID", () => {
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: "not-a-uuid",
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      expect(result.error).toMatch(/categoryId/i);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("rejects an empty manufacturer", () => {
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+      manufacturer: "",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      expect(result.error).toMatch(/manufacturer/i);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("rejects an empty name", () => {
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "",
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      expect(result.error).toMatch(/name/i);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a specs value that is not a plain object", () => {
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: "not an object",
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      expect(result.error).toMatch(/specs/i);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a specs value that is an array", () => {
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: ["not", "an", "object"],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      expect(result.error).toMatch(/specs/i);
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+describe("createAssetModel", () => {
+  it("creates a model for a real high_value category, with a non-trivial specs object", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "ram_gb",
+      dataType: "number",
+      required: true,
+    });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "cpu",
+      dataType: "string",
+      required: true,
+    });
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: { ram_gb: 16, cpu: "i7-1165G7" },
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.value).toMatchObject({
+      category_id: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: { ram_gb: 16, cpu: "i7-1165G7" },
+    });
+    expect(typeof created.value.id).toBe("string");
+    expect(created.value.id.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(Number.isNaN(Date.parse(created.value.created_at))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("defaults specs to {} in the created record when omitted", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Apple",
+      name: "MacBook Pro 14",
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.value.specs).toEqual({});
+  });
+
+  it("returns a clean error when categoryId doesn't reference an existing category", async () => {
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000",
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.error).toMatch(/categoryId/i);
+    expect(created.error).toMatch(/does not reference an existing asset category/i);
+
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetModel.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it("returns a distinct clean error when categoryId references an existing but low_value category", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({
+      name: "Cáp HDMI",
+      valueGroup: "low_value",
+    });
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.error).toMatch(/high_value/i);
+    // Distinct message from the "doesn't exist at all" case.
+    expect(created.error).not.toMatch(/does not reference an existing asset category/i);
+
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetModel.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+});
+
+// Dynamic specs validation, per docs/asset-license-management.md's "Cập
+// nhật 2026-08-02 (3)" section: createAssetModel() builds a Zod schema at
+// runtime from the category's AssetCategoryAttributeDef rows and validates
+// `specs` against it — unknown keys rejected, required keys enforced, and
+// each key's value type-checked per its dataType.
+describe("createAssetModel: dynamic specs validation", () => {
+  it("accepts specs that supply all required keys with correct types", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "ram_gb",
+      dataType: "number",
+      required: true,
+    });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "cpu",
+      dataType: "string",
+      required: true,
+    });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "has_touchscreen",
+      dataType: "boolean",
+      required: true,
+    });
+
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: { ram_gb: 16, cpu: "i7-1165G7", has_touchscreen: false },
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.value.specs).toEqual({ ram_gb: 16, cpu: "i7-1165G7", has_touchscreen: false });
+  });
+
+  it("rejects specs missing a required key with a clean 400-style error", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "ram_gb",
+      dataType: "number",
+      required: true,
+    });
+
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: {},
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.error).toMatch(/ram_gb/i);
+
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetModel.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a specs value of the wrong type for its dataType (string where number is expected)", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "ram_gb",
+      dataType: "number",
+      required: true,
+    });
+
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: { ram_gb: "16" },
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.error).toMatch(/ram_gb/i);
+
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetModel.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a specs key not defined as an AssetCategoryAttributeDef for that category", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "ram_gb",
+      dataType: "number",
+      required: true,
+    });
+
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: { ram_gb: 16, unknown_key: "surprise" },
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.error).toMatch(/specs/i);
+
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetModel.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it("accepts specs that omit an optional (required=false) attribute def key", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "ram_gb",
+      dataType: "number",
+      required: true,
+    });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "weight_kg",
+      dataType: "number",
+      required: false,
+    });
+
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: { ram_gb: 16 },
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.value.specs).toEqual({ ram_gb: 16 });
+  });
+
+  it("accepts a valid date string for a date-typed attribute def", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "warranty_end",
+      dataType: "date",
+      required: true,
+    });
+
+    const result = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: { warranty_end: "2027-01-01" },
+    });
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!result.ok) return;
+
+    const created = await createAssetModel(result.value);
+    expect(created.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!created.ok) return;
+    expect(created.value.specs).toEqual({ warranty_end: "2027-01-01" });
+  });
+});
+
+describe("listAssetModels", () => {
+  it("lists created models, newest first", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+
+    const first = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+    });
+    expect(first.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (first.ok) await createAssetModel(first.value);
+
+    // Ensure a distinct created_at ordering even on fast filesystems/clocks.
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5));
+
+    const second = validateCreateAssetModelInput({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Apple",
+      name: "MacBook Pro 14",
+    });
+    expect(second.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (second.ok) await createAssetModel(second.value);
+
+    const records = await listAssetModels();
+
+    expect(records).toHaveLength(2);
+    // newest first
+    expect(records[0]).toMatchObject({ name: "MacBook Pro 14" });
+    expect(records[1]).toMatchObject({ name: "Latitude 5420" });
+  });
+
+  it("returns an empty list when there are no models", async () => {
+    const records = await listAssetModels();
+    expect(records).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("POST /api/asset-models", () => {
+  it("creates a model on valid input", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "ram_gb",
+      dataType: "number",
+      required: true,
+    });
+    await createTestAttributeDef({
+      categoryId: category.id,
+      key: "cpu",
+      dataType: "string",
+      required: true,
+    });
+    const res = await POST(
+      postRequest({
+        categoryId: category.id,
+        manufacturer: "Dell",
+        name: "Latitude 5420",
+        specs: { ram_gb: 16, cpu: "i7-1165G7" },
+      })
+    );
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(201);
+    const body = await res.json();
+
+    expect(body).toMatchObject({
+      category_id: category.id,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5420",
+      specs: { ram_gb: 16, cpu: "i7-1165G7" },
+    });
+    expect(typeof body.id).toBe("string");
+    expect(body.id.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(Number.isNaN(Date.parse(body.created_at))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("defaults specs to {} when omitted from the request body", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    const res = await POST(
+      postRequest({
+        categoryId: category.id,
+        manufacturer: "Dell",
+        name: "Latitude 5420",
+      })
+    );
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(201);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body.specs).toEqual({});
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a missing manufacturer", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    const res = await POST(
+      postRequest({
+        categoryId: category.id,
+        name: "Latitude 5420",
+      })
+    );
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/manufacturer/i);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a categoryId that is a well-formed UUID but doesn't reference an existing category", async () => {
+    const res = await POST(
+      postRequest({
+        categoryId: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000",
+        manufacturer: "Dell",
+        name: "Latitude 5420",
+      })
+    );
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/categoryId/i);
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/does not reference an existing asset category/i);
+
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetModel.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a categoryId referencing an existing but low_value category, with a distinct 400", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({
+      name: "Cáp HDMI",
+      valueGroup: "low_value",
+    });
+    const res = await POST(
+      postRequest({
+        categoryId: category.id,
+        manufacturer: "Dell",
+        name: "Latitude 5420",
+      })
+    );
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/high_value/i);
+
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetModel.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects an invalid JSON body", async () => {
+    const req = new Request("http://localhost/api/asset-models", {
+      method: "POST",
+      headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+      body: "not json",
+    });
+
+    const res = await POST(req);
+    expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/JSON/i);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a non-object JSON body", async () => {
+    // Note: arrays are `typeof "object"` in JS, so they pass the route's
+    // object check (same behavior as /api/asset-category-attribute-defs) —
+    // use a JSON string primitive here to actually exercise the "not an
+    // object" branch.
+    const res = await POST(postRequest("not an object"));
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/JSON object/i);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("GET /api/asset-models", () => {
+  it("lists created models, newest first", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    await POST(
+      postRequest({
+        categoryId: category.id,
+        manufacturer: "Dell",
+        name: "Latitude 5420",
+      })
+    );
+    // Ensure a distinct created_at ordering even on fast filesystems/clocks.
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5));
+    await POST(
+      postRequest({
+        categoryId: category.id,
+        manufacturer: "Apple",
+        name: "MacBook Pro 14",
+      })
+    );
+
+    const res = await GET();
+    expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(Array.isArray(body)).toBe(true);
+    expect(body).toHaveLength(2);
+
+    // newest first
+    expect(body[0]).toMatchObject({ name: "MacBook Pro 14" });
+    expect(body[1]).toMatchObject({ name: "Latitude 5420" });
+  });
+
+  it("returns an empty list when there are no models", async () => {
+    const res = await GET();
+    expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("auth gating on /api/asset-models", () => {
+  // Mirrors tests/asset-category-attribute-defs.test.ts's "auth gating"
+  // block — only checks session presence, per the flat permission model (no
+  // role/permission logic).
+  it("POST /api/asset-models returns 401 without a session", async () => {
+    const category = await createTestAssetCategory({ valueGroup: "high_value" });
+    mockedAuth.mockResolvedValue(null);
+
+    const res = await POST(
+      postRequest({
+        categoryId: category.id,
+        manufacturer: "Dell",
+        name: "Latitude 5420",
+      })
+    );
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(401);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body).toEqual({ error: "Unauthorized" });
+
+    // And it must not have created anything.
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetModel.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it("GET /api/asset-models returns 401 without a session", async () => {
+    mockedAuth.mockResolvedValue(null);
+
+    const res = await GET();
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(401);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body).toEqual({ error: "Unauthorized" });
+  });
+});

tests/assets.test.ts

@@ -50,16 +50,52 @@ function createTestPurchaseOrder(overrides: { vendorId?: string } = {}) {
   });
 }
 
+// AssetItem.modelId is a real FK to AssetModel (see schema.prisma /
+// src/lib/assets.ts), and AssetModel.categoryId is a real FK to
+// AssetCategory — tests that need a valid modelId create the full chain
+// first and use the model's id. Mirrors tests/asset-models.test.ts's
+// createTestAssetCategory() helper. Category is always high_value here —
+// AssetModel only ever references high_value categories per
+// src/lib/asset-models.ts's business rule.
+function createTestAssetCategory(overrides: { name?: string } = {}) {
+  return prisma.assetCategory.create({
+    data: {
+      name: overrides.name ?? "Laptop",
+      valueGroup: "high_value",
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+function createTestAssetModel(overrides: { categoryId?: string } = {}) {
+  return prisma.assetModel.create({
+    data: {
+      categoryId: overrides.categoryId as string,
+      manufacturer: "Dell",
+      name: "Latitude 5440",
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+async function createTestModelId(): Promise<string> {
+  const category = await createTestAssetCategory();
+  const model = await createTestAssetModel({ categoryId: category.id });
+  return model.id;
+}
+
 beforeEach(async () => {
   // Each test starts from empty tables so listing/order assertions are
   // deterministic. asset_items must be cleared before purchase_orders/
-  // vendors since asset_items has FKs (ON DELETE SET NULL to
-  // purchase_orders) — deleteMany order avoids relying on that cascade
-  // behavior in tests. purchase_orders must be cleared before vendors
-  // (ON DELETE RESTRICT to vendors, mirrors tests/purchase-orders.test.ts).
+  // vendors/asset_models/asset_categories since asset_items has FKs to all
+  // of them — deleteMany order avoids relying on cascade behavior in tests.
+  // purchase_orders must be cleared before vendors (ON DELETE RESTRICT to
+  // vendors, mirrors tests/purchase-orders.test.ts). asset_models must be
+  // cleared before asset_categories (ON DELETE RESTRICT, mirrors
+  // tests/asset-models.test.ts's cleanup order).
   await prisma.assetItem.deleteMany();
   await prisma.purchaseOrder.deleteMany();
   await prisma.vendor.deleteMany();
+  await prisma.assetModel.deleteMany();
+  await prisma.assetCategory.deleteMany();
   // Default to a logged-in session — the tests below exercise business
   // logic, not auth gating (that's covered by the "auth gating" describe
   // block further down).
@@ -68,8 +104,9 @@ beforeEach(async () => {
 
 describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
   it("creates an asset item in in_stock status on valid input, with no warrantyEndDate", async () => {
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
     const res = await POST(
-      postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-001", model: "Dell Latitude 5440", purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" })
+      postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-001", modelId, purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" })
     );
 
     expect(res.status).toBe(201);
@@ -77,7 +114,7 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
 
     expect(body).toMatchObject({
       serial_number: "SN-001",
-      model: "Dell Latitude 5440",
+      model_id: modelId,
       status: "in_stock",
       warranty_end_date: null,
     });
@@ -88,10 +125,11 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
   });
 
   it("creates an asset item with a warrantyEndDate", async () => {
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
     const res = await POST(
       postRequest({
         serialNumber: "SN-002",
-        model: "Dell Latitude 5440",
+        modelId,
         purchaseDate: "2026-01-15",
         warrantyEndDate: "2029-01-15",
       })
@@ -103,24 +141,26 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
   });
 
   it("rejects an empty serialNumber", async () => {
-    const res = await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "", model: "Dell", purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" }));
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
+    const res = await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "", modelId, purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" }));
 
     expect(res.status).toBe(400);
     const body = await res.json();
     expect(body.error).toMatch(/serialNumber/i);
   });
 
-  it("rejects an empty model", async () => {
-    const res = await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-003", model: "", purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" }));
+  it("rejects a missing modelId", async () => {
+    const res = await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-003", purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" }));
 
     expect(res.status).toBe(400);
     const body = await res.json();
-    expect(body.error).toMatch(/model/i);
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/modelId/i);
   });
 
   it("rejects an invalid purchaseDate", async () => {
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
     const res = await POST(
-      postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-004", model: "Dell", purchaseDate: "not-a-date" })
+      postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-004", modelId, purchaseDate: "not-a-date" })
     );
 
     expect(res.status).toBe(400);
@@ -129,10 +169,11 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
   });
 
   it("rejects an invalid warrantyEndDate", async () => {
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
     const res = await POST(
       postRequest({
         serialNumber: "SN-005",
-        model: "Dell",
+        modelId,
         purchaseDate: "2026-01-15",
         warrantyEndDate: "not-a-date",
       })
@@ -144,13 +185,14 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
   });
 
   it("creates an asset item with a purchaseOrderId that references a real purchase order", async () => {
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
     const vendor = await createTestVendor();
     const purchaseOrder = await createTestPurchaseOrder({ vendorId: vendor.id });
 
     const res = await POST(
       postRequest({
         serialNumber: "SN-007",
-        model: "Dell Latitude 5440",
+        modelId,
         purchaseDate: "2026-01-15",
         purchaseOrderId: purchaseOrder.id,
       })
@@ -162,8 +204,9 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
   });
 
   it("creates an asset item with no purchaseOrderId (stays null)", async () => {
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
     const res = await POST(
-      postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-008", model: "Dell Latitude 5440", purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" })
+      postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-008", modelId, purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" })
     );
 
     expect(res.status).toBe(201);
@@ -172,10 +215,11 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
   });
 
   it("rejects a purchaseOrderId that is a well-formed UUID but doesn't reference an existing purchase order", async () => {
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
     const res = await POST(
       postRequest({
         serialNumber: "SN-009",
-        model: "Dell Latitude 5440",
+        modelId,
         purchaseDate: "2026-01-15",
         purchaseOrderId: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000",
       })
@@ -192,10 +236,11 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
   });
 
   it("rejects a purchaseOrderId that is not a valid UUID", async () => {
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
     const res = await POST(
       postRequest({
         serialNumber: "SN-012",
-        model: "Dell Latitude 5440",
+        modelId,
         purchaseDate: "2026-01-15",
         purchaseOrderId: "not-a-uuid",
       })
@@ -207,8 +252,9 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
   });
 
   it("rejects a duplicate serialNumber", async () => {
-    await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-006", model: "Dell", purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" }));
-    const res = await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-006", model: "HP", purchaseDate: "2026-02-01" }));
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
+    await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-006", modelId, purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" }));
+    const res = await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-006", modelId, purchaseDate: "2026-02-01" }));
 
     expect(res.status).toBe(400);
     const body = await res.json();
@@ -218,14 +264,48 @@ describe("POST /api/assets", () => {
     const remaining = await prisma.assetItem.findMany();
     expect(remaining).toHaveLength(1);
   });
+
+  it("rejects a modelId that is not a valid UUID", async () => {
+    const res = await POST(
+      postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-013", modelId: "not-a-uuid", purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" })
+    );
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/modelId/i);
+
+    // And it must not have created anything.
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetItem.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a modelId that is a well-formed UUID but doesn't reference an existing asset model", async () => {
+    const res = await POST(
+      postRequest({
+        serialNumber: "SN-014",
+        modelId: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000",
+        purchaseDate: "2026-01-15",
+      })
+    );
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+    const body = await res.json();
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/modelId/i);
+    expect(body.error).toMatch(/does not reference an existing asset model/i);
+
+    // And it must not have created anything.
+    const remaining = await prisma.assetItem.findMany();
+    expect(remaining).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
 });
 
 describe("GET /api/assets", () => {
   it("lists created asset items, newest first", async () => {
-    await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-010", model: "Dell", purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" }));
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
+    await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-010", modelId, purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" }));
     // Ensure a distinct created_at ordering even on fast filesystems/clocks.
     await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5));
-    await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-011", model: "HP", purchaseDate: "2026-02-01" }));
+    await POST(postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-011", modelId, purchaseDate: "2026-02-01" }));
 
     const res = await GET();
     expect(res.status).toBe(200);
@@ -235,8 +315,8 @@ describe("GET /api/assets", () => {
     expect(body).toHaveLength(2);
 
     // newest first
-    expect(body[0]).toMatchObject({ serial_number: "SN-011", model: "HP" });
-    expect(body[1]).toMatchObject({ serial_number: "SN-010", model: "Dell" });
+    expect(body[0]).toMatchObject({ serial_number: "SN-011", model_id: modelId });
+    expect(body[1]).toMatchObject({ serial_number: "SN-010", model_id: modelId });
   });
 
   it("returns an empty list when there are no asset items", async () => {
@@ -252,10 +332,11 @@ describe("auth gating on /api/assets", () => {
   // session presence, per the flat permission model (no role/permission
   // logic).
   it("POST /api/assets returns 401 without a session", async () => {
+    const modelId = await createTestModelId();
     mockedAuth.mockResolvedValue(null);
 
     const res = await POST(
-      postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-020", model: "Dell", purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" })
+      postRequest({ serialNumber: "SN-020", modelId, purchaseDate: "2026-01-15" })
     );
 
     expect(res.status).toBe(401);